Aduh! Kini Semakin Banyak Penduduk Arab yang Jadi Ateis, Kenapa?

Penulis
Aufa Rahman
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Perayaan Halloween di Arab Saudi. Pemerintah Arab Saudi melegalkan perayaan Halloween di ibu kota Saudi untuk pertama kalinya pada tahun 2021. (foto: istimewa)

RADAR TANGSEL RATAS – Dalam satu dekade terakhir, ada fenomena menarik terkait agama yang dianut oleh penduduk Arab. Kini semakin banyak warga Arab yang menjadi ateis. Padahal seperti yang diketahui, Arab merupakan negara yang didominasi oleh masyarakat muslim.

Tercatat, berdasarkan hasil survei BBC International, terjadi peningkatan persentase penduduk yang tidak beragama di Arab, dari awalnya hanya 8 persen pada 2013 menjadi 13 persen pada tahun 2019.

Beberapa lembaga juga pernah melakukan jajak pendapat dalam tingkat regional. Di Iran, dalam riset “Iranian’s Attitudes Toward Religion (2020)” terungkap bahwa 47 persen dari 40.000 responden mengaku telah beralih dari beragama menjadi ateis.

Sementara di Turki, negara yang 99 persen penduduknya muslim, tercatat ada peningkatan jumlah ateis dalam kurun 10 tahun terakhir. Dalam laporan lembaga survei Konda pada tahun 2019, ditemukan bahwa jumlah orang Turki yang mengaku menganut Islam telah turun dari 55 persen menjadi 51 persen.

“Penurunan ini bukan beralih ke agama lain, tapi menjadi ateis,” bunyi laporan itu, dikutip CNBC Indonesia pada Senin (11/3/2024).

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Sedangkan di Mesir, berdasarkan informasi yang dirilis oleh Deutsche Welle, setelah Universitas Al-Azhar Kairo melakukan survei dengan topik serupa di tahun 2014, diperoleh data bahwa 10,7 juta dari 87 juta penduduk Mesir mengaku menjadi ateis, atau mencapai 12,3 persen dari keseluruhan populasi.

Dan hal sama juga terjadi di Arab Saudi. Mengutip laporan “Saudi Arabia 2021 International Religious Freedom Report (2021)”, tercatat ada 224 ribu warga Arab Saudi yang memilih tidak beragama, baik ateis atau agnostik.

Menurut Hannah Wallace dalam artikel “Men without God: The Rise of Atheism in Saudi Arabia” (2020), fenomena di Arab Saudi itu tidak bisa dilepaskan dari sikap politik pemerintahnya yang menggunakan agama. Akibatnya, penduduk yang kritis menolak dan menganggapnya sebagai politisasi. Bahkan semakin mudahnya orang mengakses dan berinteraksi dengan kelompok serupa di dunia maya, makin menambah jumlah warga yang tidak beragama tadi.

Tenyata kasus di Arab Saudi itu juga terjadi di Turki. Kepemimpinan Erdogan dianggap menggeser konsep sekularisme Turki yang telah diajarkan oleh Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Ketatnya beberapa aturan agama, seperti pelarangan minuman keras, membuat beberapa kelompok mulai mengaku tak beragama.

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Pendapat lain disampaikan oleh Tamer Fouad, koresponden hubungan internasional Guardian. Menurut Fouad, ada dua hal penyebab meningkatnya ateisme di negara Arab. Pertama, adanya pandangan negatif terhadap agama karena pemberitaan buruk, mulai dari penghancuran masjid, pembakaran gereja, hingga aksi kekerasan lain atas nama agama.

Kedua, munculnya kegagalan kepemimpinan partai dan tokoh Islam pasca-Arab Spring. Arab Spring atau Musim Semi Arab yang berupaya menghadirkan demokratisasi dan perbaikan ekonomi pada kenyataannya justru gagal dilakukan.

Kegagalan negara untuk memperbaiki kualitas kehidupan politik dan ekonomi membuat rakyat kecewa. Akibatnya, mereka tidak lagi memilih partai dan tokoh Islam sebagai pemimpin, sekaligus juga memilih untuk tidak lagi hidup dengan agama. (ARH)

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